EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS & PARAMEDICS Source: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
[Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 edition]
Nature of the Work
People's lives often depend on the quick reaction and competent care of emergency medical
technicians (EMTs) and paramedics. Incidents as varied as automobile accidents, heart attacks,
slips and falls, childbirth, and gunshot wounds require immediate medical attention. EMTs and
paramedics provide this vital service as they care for and transport the sick or injured to a
medical facility.
In an emergency, EMTs and paramedics are typically dispatched by a 911 operator to the scene,
where they often work with police and fire fighters. (Police and fire fighters are discussed elsewhere
in the Handbook.) Once they arrive, EMTs and paramedics assess the nature of the patient's condition,
while trying to determine whether the patient has any pre-existing medical conditions. Following
protocols and guidelines, they provide emergency care and transport the patient to a medical facility.
EMTs and paramedics operate in emergency medical services systems where a physician provides
medical direction and oversight.
EMTs and paramedics use special equipment, such as backboards, to immobilize patients before
placing them on stretchers and securing them in the ambulance for transport to a medical facility.
These workers generally work in teams. During the transport of a patient, one EMT or paramedic
drives, while the other monitors the patient's vital signs and gives additional care, as needed.
Some paramedics work as part of a helicopter's flight crew to quickly transport critically ill or
injured patients to hospital trauma centers.
At the medical facility, EMTs and paramedics help transfer patients to the emergency department,
report their observations and actions to emergency department staff, and may provide additional
emergency treatment. After each run, EMTs and paramedics document the trip, replace used
supplies and check equipment. If a transported patient has a contagious disease, EMTs and
paramedics decontaminate the interior of the ambulance and report cases to the proper
authorities.
EMTs and paramedics also provide transportation for patients from one medical facility to another,
particularly if they work for private ambulance services. Patients often need to be transferred to a
hospital that specializes in treating their injury or illness or to facility that provides long-term care,
like nursing homes.
Beyond these general duties, the specific responsibilities of EMTs and paramedics depend on their
level of qualification and training. The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT)
certifies emergency medical service providers at five levels: First Responder; EMT-Basic; EMT-
Intermediate (which has two levels called 1985 and 1999) and Paramedic. Some States, however,
have their own certification programs and use distinct names and titles.
The EMT-Basic represents the first response of the emergency medical system. An EMT trained
at this level is prepared to care for patients at the scene of an accident and while transporting
patients by ambulance to the hospital under the direction of more highly trained medical personnel.
The EMT-Basic has the emergency skills to assess a patient's condition and manage respiratory,
cardiac, and trauma emergencies.
The EMT-Intermediate has more advanced training. However, the specific tasks that those certified
at this level are allowed to perform varies greatly from State to State.
Paramedics provide more extensive pre-hospital care than do EMTs. In addition to carrying out the
procedures of the other levels, paramedics administer medications orally and intravenously, interpret
electrocardiograms (EKGs), perform endotracheal intubations, and use monitors and other complex
equipment. However, like the EMT-Intermediate level, what paramedics are permitted to do varies
by State.
Work environment
EMTs and paramedics work both indoors and out, in all types of weather. They
are required to do considerable kneeling, bending, and heavy lifting. These workers are at a higher
risk for contracting illnesses or experiencing injuries on the job than workers in other occupations.
They risk noise-induced hearing loss from sirens and back injuries from lifting patients. In addition,
EMTs and paramedics may be exposed to communicable diseases, such as hepatitis-B and AIDS,
as well as to violence from mentally unstable or combative patients. The work is not only physically
strenuous but can be stressful, sometimes involving life-or-death situations and suffering patients.
Nonetheless, many people find the work exciting and challenging and enjoy the opportunity to help
others. These workers experienced a larger than average number of work-related injuries or illnesses
Many EMTs and paramedics are required to work more than 40 hours a week. Because emergency
services function 24 hours a day, EMTs and paramedics may have irregular working hours.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
Generally, a high school diploma is required to enter a training program to become an EMT or
paramedic. Workers must complete a formal training and certification process.
Education and training
A high school diploma is usually required to enter a formal emergency
medical technician training program. Training is offered at progressive levels: EMT-Basic, EMT-
Intermediate, and Paramedic.
At the EMT-Basic level, coursework emphasizes emergency skills, such as managing respiratory,
trauma, and cardiac emergencies, and patient assessment. Formal courses are often combined
with time in an emergency department or ambulance. The program provides instruction and
practice in dealing with bleeding, fractures, airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, and emergency
childbirth. Students learn how to use and maintain common emergency equipment, such as
backboards, suction devices, splints, oxygen delivery systems, and stretchers. Graduates of
approved EMT-Basic training programs must pass a written and practical examination
administered by the State licensing agency or the NREMT.
At the EMT-Intermediate level, training requirements vary by State. The nationally defined levels,
EMT-Intermediate 1985 and EMT-Intermediate 1999, typically require 30 to 350 hours of training
based on scope of practice. Students learn advanced skills such the use of advanced airway
devices, intravenous fluids, and some medications.
The most advanced level of training for this occupation is Paramedic. At this level, the caregiver
receives training in anatomy and physiology as well as advanced medical skills. Most commonly,
the training is conducted in community colleges and technical schools and may result in an
associate's degree. These programs may take up to one to two years. Such education prepares
the graduate to take the NREMT examination to become certified as a Paramedic. Extensive
related coursework and clinical and field experience is required. Refresher courses and continuing
education are available for EMTs and paramedics at all levels.
Licensure
All 50 States require EMTs and Paramedics to be licensed, but the levels and titles vary
from State to State. In most States and the District of Columbia certification by the NREMT is
required at some or all levels. Some States administer their own certification examination or
provide the option of taking either the NREMT or State examination. In most States, licensure
renewal is required every two to three years and generally, EMTs and Paramedics must take
refresher training courses or complete continuing education requirements. Many States restrict
licensure based on an individual’s criminal history.
Other qualifications
EMTs and paramedics should be emotionally stable, have good dexterity, agility,
and physical coordination, and be able to lift and carry heavy loads. They also need good eyesight
(corrective lenses may be used) with accurate color vision. Many employers require a criminal
background check.
Advancement
Paramedics can become supervisors, operations managers, administrative directors,
or executive directors of emergency services. Some EMTs and paramedics become instructors,
dispatchers, or physician assistants; others move into sales or marketing of emergency medical
equipment. A number of people become EMTs and paramedics to test their interest in healthcare
before training as registered nurses, physicians, or other health workers.
Employment
EMTs and paramedics held about 210,700 jobs in 2008. Most career EMTs and paramedics work
in metropolitan areas. Volunteer EMTs and paramedics are more common in small cities, towns,
and rural areas. These individuals volunteer for fire departments, emergency medical services,
or hospitals and may respond to only a few calls per month.
Paid EMTs and paramedics were employed in a number of industries. About 45 percent worked
as employees of ambulance services. About 29 percent worked in local government. Another
20 percent worked in hospitals.
Job Outlook
Employment for EMTs and paramedics is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all
occupations through 2018. Job prospects should be good, particularly in cities and private
ambulance services.
Employment change. Employment of emergency medical technicians and paramedics is expected
to grow 9 percent between 2008 and 2018, which is about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Growth in this occupation is due in large part to increasing call volume due to aging population.
As a large segment of the population—aging members of the baby boom generation—becomes
more likely to have medical emergencies, demand will increase for EMTs and paramedics. In
addition, the time that EMTs and paramedics must spend with each patient is increasing as
emergency departments across the country are experiencing overcrowding. As a result, when
an ambulance arrives, it takes longer to transfer the patient from the care of the EMTs and
paramedics to the staff of the emergency department. In addition, some emergency departments
divert ambulances to other hospitals when they are too busy to take on new patients. As a result,
ambulances may not be able to go to the nearest hospital, which increases the amount of time
spent in transit. Both these factors result in EMTs and paramedics spending more time with each
patient, which means more workers are needed to meet demand.
In addition, hospitals are increasingly specializing in treating a particular illness or injury. This
results in more patients needing to be transferred to the hospital best able to treat them. Most
patients must be transferred by ambulance, so their condition can be monitored en route. Therefore,
more demand for transfers between hospitals increases the demand for the services of EMTs and
paramedics.
There also still will be demand for part-time, volunteer EMTs and paramedics in rural areas and
smaller metropolitan areas.
Job prospects
Job prospects should be favorable. Many job openings will arise from growth and
from the need to replace workers who leave the occupation because of the limited potential for
advancement, as well as the modest pay and benefits in private-sector jobs. In addition, full-time
paid EMTs and paramedics will be needed to replace unpaid volunteers. Emergency medical service
agencies find it increasingly difficult to recruit and retain unpaid volunteers because of the amount
of training and the large time commitment these positions require. As a result, more paid EMTs
and paramedics are needed.
Competition will be greater for jobs in local government, including fire, police, and independent
third-service rescue squad departments that tend to have better salaries and benefits. EMTs and
paramedics who have advanced education and certifications should enjoy the most favorable job
prospects, as clients and patients demand higher levels of care before arriving at the hospital.
Earnings
Earnings of EMTs and paramedics depend on the employment setting and geographic location
of their jobs, as well as their training and experience. Median hourly wages of EMTs and
paramedics were $14.10 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $11.13 and $18.28.
The lowest 10 percent earned less than $9.08, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $23.77.
Median hourly wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of EMTs and paramedics
in May 2008 were $12.99 in other ambulatory healthcare services and $15.45 in local government.
